What does a modern COO actually do that the role didn't do 20 years ago?

What does a modern COO actually do that the role didn’t do 20 years ago?
Two decades ago, COO meant manufacturing and supply chain. Today the role owns operational technology decisions, sustainability mandates, supply chain resilience, cross-functional execution, and the operational layer of digital transformation. The COO is the executive who turns strategy into systems. Where this role is missing or weak, strategy quietly degrades into binders.
Kamyar Shah, Fractional COO, World Consulting Group.